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Superstrate
A prestige language variety that influences another variety through contact from “above,” i.e., through promulgation of characteristics perceived by the community as being of higher social standing. (sociolinguistics)
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Suppletion
When a word form is not phonologically derived from the base form to mark a type of inflection/derivation. (Ex. Happy –> Happier, Happiest vs. Good–>Better–>Best: Better and Best are suppletive forms of Good.) (morphology)
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Suprafix
A suprafix marks a morphological category with a suprasegmental feature, e.g., stress, length, and tone. (morphology)
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Surface Form
The form of language that we can see, hear, and measure. (phonology)
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Syntagmatic Relationship
A syntactic or proximate relationship between linguistic items. Unlike a paradigmatic relationship where two items are placed in the same syntactic location, items in a syntagmatic relationship often occur adjacently or within some near syntactic domain. (Ex. Determiners are in a syntagmatic relationship with nouns and vice-versa.) (morphology)
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Syntax
The study of how words form sentences. (syntax)
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Synthetic
A synthetic language makes use of more bound morphemes. (morphology)
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